Recent Advances in Aldol Condensation: Mechanistic Insights, Catalytic Strategies, and Sustainable Applications

Ajay Kumar Verma

doi:10.71193/jmct.20260014

Authors

Ajay Kumar Verma Maharishi School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow, India Author https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5191-9225

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71193/jmct.20260014

Keywords:

Aldol condensation, Carbon–carbon bond formation, Heterogeneous catalysis, Organocatalysis, Green chemistry, Sustainable synthesis

Abstract

Aldol condensation is one of the most versatile carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions in organic chemistry and plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, polymers, fragrances, and biomass-derived chemicals. Recent advances in catalyst design, mechanistic understanding, and sustainable reaction strategies have significantly enhanced the efficiency, selectivity, and industrial applicability of this transformation. This systematic review critically evaluates recent developments in aldol condensation by analysing peer-reviewed studies retrieved from major scientific databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The review comprehensively discusses reaction mechanisms, heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, bifunctional acid–base catalysts, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), organocatalysts, computational investigations, and green chemistry approaches. Comparative analysis demonstrates that heterogeneous catalysts offer excellent recyclability and operational stability, bifunctional catalysts improve catalytic activity through cooperative activation of reactants, and MOFs provide enhanced selectivity owing to their tunable pore architecture and well-defined active sites. Organocatalysts, particularly proline-based systems, enable highly stereoselective transformations under mild and environmentally benign conditions. Sustainable methodologies, including solvent-free reactions, aqueous media, recyclable catalysts, tandem catalytic processes, and biomass-derived feedstocks, further improve the environmental performance of aldol condensation. Despite substantial progress, catalyst deactivation, hydrothermal instability, diffusion limitations, and challenges in large-scale implementation remain significant barriers. Overall, this review integrates mechanistic insights, catalyst engineering, computational studies, and sustainability concepts to provide a comprehensive perspective on current advances and future opportunities for developing efficient, scalable, and environmentally sustainable aldol condensation processes for synthetic and industrial applications.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Abelló, S., Vijaya-Shankar, D., & Pérez-Ramírez, J. (2008). Stability, reutilization, and scalability of activated hydrotalcites in aldol condensation. Applied Catalysis A: General, 342(1), 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2008.03.010

2. Adachi, S., & Harada, T. (2009). Catalytic Enantioselective Aldol Additions to Ketones. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2009(22), 3661-3671. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.200900166

3. Al-Momani, L. a. A., Lang, H., & Lüdeke, S. (2023). A Pathway for Aldol Additions Catalyzed by l-Hydroxyproline-Peptides via a β-Hydroxyketone Hemiaminal Intermediate. Chemistry, 5(2), 1203-1219. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5020081

4. Ao, L., Zhao, W., Guan, Y.-s., Wang, D.-k., Liu, K.-s., Guo, T.-t.,…Wei, X.-y. (2019). Efficient synthesis of C 15 fuel precursor by heterogeneously catalyzed aldol-condensation of furfural with cyclopentanone. RSC advances, 9(7), 3661-3668. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA09517E

5. Ariza, X., Garcia, J., Romea, P., & Urpí, F. (2011). Stereoselective Acetate Aldol Reactions from Metal Enolates. Synthesis, 2011(14), 2175-2191. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1260040

6. Bao, Q., Zhu, W., Yan, J., Zhang, C., Ning, C., Zhang, Y.,…Wang, Z. (2017). Vapor phase aldol condensation of methyl acetate with formaldehyde over a Ba–la/Al 2 O 3 catalyst: the stabilizing role of La and effect of acid–base properties. RSC advances, 7(82), 52304-52311. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA10008F

7. Bargujar, S., & Ratnani, S. (2022). Aldol condensation: green perspectives. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 19(6), 2171-2190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-021-02464-w

8. Benaglia, M., Celentano, G., & Cozzi, F. (2001). Enantioselective Aldol Condensations Catalyzed by Poly(ethylene glycol)-Supported Proline. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 343(2), 171-173. https://doi.org/10.1002/1615-4169(20010226)343:2<171::AID-ADSC171>3.0.CO;2-3

9. Bhasker-Ranganath, S., Rahman, M. S., Zhao, C., Calaza, F., Wu, Z., & Xu, Y. (2021). Elucidating the Mechanism of Ambient-Temperature Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde on Ceria. ACS Catalysis, 11(14), 8621-8634. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.1c01216

10. Biesemans, B., De Clercq, J., Stevens, C. V., Thybaut, J. W., & Lauwaert, J. (2024). Recent advances in amine catalyzed aldol condensations. Catalysis Reviews, 66(2), 401-483. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614940.2022.2048570

11. Bisai, V. (2012). Organocatalytic Asymmetric Vinylogous Aldol Reactions. Synthesis, 44(10), 1453-1463. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1290981

12. Booth, A. (2016). Searching for qualitative research for inclusion in systematic reviews: a structured methodological review. Syst Rev, 5(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0249-x

13. Carreira, E. M., Fettes, A., & MartI, C. (2006). Catalytic Enantioselective Aldol Addition Reactions. In L. A. Paquette (Ed.), Organic Reactions (Vol. 67, pp. 1-216). https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264180.or067.01

14. Chi, Y., Scroggins, S. T., Boz, E., & Fréchet, J. M. J. (2008). Control of Aldol Reaction Pathways of Enolizable Aldehydes in an Aqueous Environment with a Hyperbranched Polymeric Catalyst. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(51), 17287-17289. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja806584q

15. Choi, I.-H., Hwang, J., Han, J. W., & Hwang, K.-R. (2023). Carbon recovery from wasted aqueous-phase bio-oil to fuel precursors through aldol-condensation reaction: A comprehensive review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 126, 115-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2023.06.048

16. Climent, M. J., Corma, A., Fornés, V., Guil-Lopez, R., & Iborra, S. (2002). Aldol Condensations on Solid Catalysts: A Cooperative Effect between Weak Acid and Base Sites. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 344(10), 1090-1096. https://doi.org/10.1002/1615-4169(200212)344:10<1090::AID-ADSC1090>3.0.CO;2-X

17. Comisar, C. M., & Savage, P. E. (2004). Kinetics of crossed aldol condensations in high-temperature water [10.1039/B314622G]. Green Chemistry, 6(4), 227-231. https://doi.org/10.1039/B314622G

18. Cordes, M., & Kalesse, M. (2019). Very Recent Advances in Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions and Their Applications to Synthesis. Molecules, 24(17), 3040. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173040

19. Denmark, S. E., Heemstra Jr., J. R., & Beutner, G. L. (2005). Catalytic, Enantioselective, Vinylogous Aldol Reactions. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44(30), 4682-4698. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200462338

20. Dutta, S. (2025). Catalytic Transformation of Biomass into Sustainable Carbocycles: Recent Advances, Prospects, and Challenges. ChemPlusChem, 90(1), e202400568. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202400568

21. Erdmann, S., Thomé, A. G., Wittayakun, J., & Roessner, F. (2024). Kinetic investigation of the aldol condensation of n-butanal on mesoporous and macro-mesoporous heterogeneous catalysts. Molecular Catalysis, 559, 114026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2024.114026

22. Evans, C. S., & Davis, L. O. (2018). Recent Advances in Organocatalyzed Domino C–C Bond-Forming Reactions. Molecules, 23(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010033

23. Faba, L., Díaz, E., & Ordóñez, S. (2012). Aqueous-phase furfural-acetone aldol condensation over basic mixed oxides. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 113-114, 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.11.039

24. Ghosh, S., Acharyya, S. S., Yoshida, Y., Kaneko, T., Iwasawa, Y., & Sasaki, T. (2022). Nontraditional Aldol Condensation Performance of Highly Efficient and Reusable Cs+ Single Sites in β-Zeolite Channels. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14(16), 18464-18475. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c01312

25. Hajek, J., Vandichel, M., Van de Voorde, B., Bueken, B., De Vos, D., Waroquier, M., & Van Speybroeck, V. (2015). Mechanistic studies of aldol condensations in UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2 metal organic frameworks. Journal of Catalysis, 331, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2015.08.015

26. Heravi, M. M., & Asadi, S. (2012). Recent applications of organocatalysts in asymmetric aldol reactions. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 23(20), 1431-1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.10.002

27. Hernández-Soto, M. C., Erigoni, A., Segarra, C., Rey, F., Díaz, U., Gianotti, E.,…Pera-Titus, M. (2022). Bifunctional hybrid organosiliceous catalysts for aldol condensation – hydrogenation tandem reactions of furfural in continuous-flow reactor. Applied Catalysis A: General, 643, 118710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2022.118710

28. Hernández, W. Y., Aliç, F., Verberckmoes, A., & Van Der Voort, P. (2017). Tuning the acidic–basic properties by Zn-substitution in Mg–Al hydrotalcites as optimal catalysts for the aldol condensation reaction. Journal of Materials Science, 52(1), 628-642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0360-3

29. Herrmann, S., & Iglesia, E. (2017). Elementary steps in acetone condensation reactions catalyzed by aluminosilicates with diverse void structures. Journal of Catalysis, 346, 134-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2016.12.011

30. Higgins, J. P., & Green, S. (2008). Guide to the Contents of a Cochrane Protocol and Review. In J. P. Higgins & S. Green (Eds.), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (pp. 51-79). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470712184.ch4

31. Hollis, T. K., & Bosnich, B. (1995). Homogeneous Catalysis. Mechanisms of the Catalytic Mukaiyama Aldol and Sakurai Allylation Reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117(16), 4570-4581. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00121a015

32. Li, W., Su, M., Yang, T., Zhang, T., Ma, Q., Li, S., & Huang, Q. (2019). Preparation of two different crystal structures of cerous phosphate as solid acid catalysts: their different catalytic performance in the aldol condensation reaction between furfural and acetone. RSC advances, 9(30), 16919-16928. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA02937K

33. Li, X., Sun, J., Shao, S., Hu, X., & Cai, Y. (2021). Aldol condensation/hydrogenation for jet fuel from biomass-derived ketone platform compound in one pot. Fuel Processing Technology, 215, 106768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106768

34. Liu, Q., Zhang, C., Shi, N., Zhang, X., Wang, C., & Ma, L. (2018). Production of renewable long-chained cycloalkanes from biomass-derived furfurals and cyclic ketones. RSC advances, 8(25), 13686-13696. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA01723A

35. Machajewski, T. D., & Wong, C.-H. (2000). The Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reaction. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 39(8), 1352-1375. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000417)39:8<1352::AID-ANIE1352>3.0.CO;2-J

36. Madriaga, V. G. C., Quattrochiocchi, D. S., Vasconcelos, S. C., Ribeiro, M. C. O., Pinheiro, S. B., dos Santos, R. D.,…Lima, T. M. (2025). Furfural aldol condensation reaction catalyzed by a more sustainable Syngonium-derived biochar. Catalysis Today, 460, 115497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115497

37. Mäki-Arvela, P., Shcherban, N., Lozachmeur, C., Eränen, K., Aho, A., Smeds, A.,…Murzin, D. Y. (2019). Aldol Condensation of Cyclopentanone with Valeraldehyde Over Metal Oxides. Catalysis Letters, 149(5), 1383-1395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-019-02701-1

38. Matsuo, J.-i., & Murakami, M. (2013). The Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction: 40 Years of Continuous Development. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 52(35), 9109-9118. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201303192

39. Meng, X., Su, H., Song, R., Su, J., & Bian, J. (2023). Solvent-Free Aldol Condensation of Cyclopentanone with Natural Clay-Based Catalysts: Origin of Activity & Selectivity. Catalysts, 13(3), 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13030530

40. Mestres, R. (2004). A green look at the aldol reaction. Green Chemistry, 6(12), 583-603. https://doi.org/10.1039/B409143B

41. Migues, A., Vaitheeswaran, S., & Auerbach, S. (2014). Density Functional Theory Study of Mixed Aldol Condensation Catalyzed by Acidic Zeolites HZSM-5 and HY. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 118, 20283-20290. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp504131y

42. Miller, E., Moon, P. J., & Toste, F. D. (2022). Asymmetric Phase-Transfer And Ion-Pair Organocatalyses. In T. Akiyama & I. Ojima (Eds.), Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis (pp. 117-156). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119736424.ch4

43. Mlynarski, J., & Baś, S. (2014). Catalytic asymmetric aldol reactions in aqueous media – a 5 year update [10.1039/C3CS60202H]. Chemical Society Reviews, 43(2), 577-587. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60202H

44. O’Neill, R. E., Vanoye, L., De Bellefon, C., & Aiouache, F. (2014). Aldol-condensation of furfural by activated dolomite catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 144, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.07.006

45. Oliphant, B. E., Rasmussen, M., Herrera, L. P., Griffin, M. B., Medlin, J. W., & Technology. (2024). Aldol condensation of mixed oxygenates on TiO2. Catalysis Science & Technology, 14(7), 1911-1922. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CY01798B

46. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D.,…Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Bmj, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

47. Pansare, S. V., & Paul, E. K. (2011). The Organocatalytic Vinylogous Aldol Reaction: Recent Advances. Chemistry–A European Journal, 17(32), 8770-8779. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201101269

48. Patil, S., Kamble, P., Vinod, C. P., Rathod, V., & Kantam, M. L. (2025). Aldol Condensation of Furfural with Acetone by Using Mg–Al–O-t-Bu HT Catalyst and Kinetic Studies. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 64(52), 24938-24948. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c03287

49. Perrin, C. L., & Kim, J. (2022). The complete mechanism of an aldol condensation in water [10.1039/D2CP02095E]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 24(31), 18978-18982. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CP02095E

50. Pomalaza, G., Ponton, P. A., Capron, M., Dumeignil, F., & Technology. (2020). Ethanol-to-butadiene: the reaction and its catalysts. Catalysis Science & Technology, 10(15), 4860-4911. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CY00784F

51. Raguindin, R. Q., Gebresillase, M. N., Kang, J., Suh, Y.-W., & Gil Seo, J. (2025). One-pot sequential aldol condensation and hydrodeoxygenation of furfural and acetone to 1-octanol over multifunctional acid-based catalytic system. Bioresource Technology, 416, 131764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131764

52. Reif, P., Rosenthal, H., & Rose, M. (2020). Biomass-Derived Aromatics by Solid Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation of Alkyl Methyl Ketones. Advanced Sustainable Systems, 4(10), 1900150. https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.201900150

53. Saito, S., & Yamamoto, H. (2004). Design of Acid−Base Catalysis for the Asymmetric Direct Aldol Reaction. Accounts of Chemical Research, 37(8), 570-579. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar030064p

54. Schober, L., Tonin, F., Hanefeld, U., & Gröger, H. (2022). Combination of Asymmetric Organo- and Biocatalysis in Flow Processes and Comparison with their Analogous Batch Syntheses. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2022(7), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.202101035

55. Shao, S., Hu, X., Dong, W., Li, X., Zhang, H., Xiao, R., & Cai, Y. (2021). Integrated C–C coupling/hydrogenation of ketones derived from biomass pyrolysis for aviation fuel over Ni/Mg–Al–O/AC bifunctional catalysts. Journal of Cleaner Production, 282, 124331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124331

56. Shao, S., Ye, Z., Liu, C., Hu, X., Sun, J., Li, X.,…Xiao, R. (2022). Catalytic pyrolysis of holocellulose followed by integrated aldol condensation and hydrogenation to produce aviation fuel. Energy Conversion and Management, 264, 115644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115644

57. Sharma, S. K., Parikh, P. A., & Jasra, R. V. (2007). Solvent free aldol condensation of propanal to 2-methylpentenal using solid base catalysts. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 278(1), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2007.09.002

58. Shibasaki, M., & Kanai, M. (2008). Asymmetric Synthesis of Tertiary Alcohols and α-Tertiary Amines via Cu-Catalyzed C−C Bond Formation to Ketones and Ketimines. Chemical Reviews, 108(8), 2853-2873. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr078340r

59. Shylesh, S., Hanna, D., Gomes, J., Krishna, S., Canlas, C. G., Head-Gordon, M., & Bell, A. T. (2014). Tailoring the Cooperative Acid–Base Effects in Silica-Supported Amine Catalysts: Applications in the Continuous Gas-Phase Self-Condensation of n-Butanal. ChemCatChem, 6(5), 1283-1290. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201301087

60. Slaa, J. C., van Ommen, J. G., & Ross, J. R. H. (1992). The synthesis of higher alcohols using modified Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts. Catalysis Today, 15(1), 129-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(92)80125-7

61. Spieß, P., Shaaban, S., Kaiser, D., & Maulide, N. (2023). New Strategies for the Functionalization of Carbonyl Derivatives via α-Umpolung: From Enolates to Enolonium Ions. Accounts of Chemical Research, 56(12), 1634-1644. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00171

62. Strohmann, M., Vossen, J. T., Vorholt, A. J., & Leitner, W. (2020). Recycling of two molecular catalysts in the hydroformylation/aldol condensation tandem reaction using one multiphase system. Green Chemistry, 22(23), 8444-8451. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC03392H

63. Tampieri, A., Föttinger, K., Barrabés, N., & Medina, F. (2022). Catalytic aldol condensation of bio-derived furanic aldehydes and acetone: Challenges and opportunities. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 319, 121889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121889

64. Tang, Y., Xu, J., & Gu, X. (2013). Modified calcium oxide as stable solid base catalyst for Aldol condensation reaction. Journal of Chemical Sciences, 125(2), 313-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-013-0362-5

65. Tichit, D., Lutic, D., Coq, B., Durand, R., & Teissier, R. (2003). The aldol condensation of acetaldehyde and heptanal on hydrotalcite-type catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 219(1), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9517(03)00192-1

66. Tišler, Z., Vondrová, P., Peroutková, K., Šimek, J., Skuhrovcová, L., Strejcová, K.,…Gholami, Z. (2023). Influence of Water on the Production of Liquid Fuel Intermediates from Furfural via Aldol Condensation over MgAl Catalyst. Processes, 11(1), 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010261

67. Valapil, D. G., Kadagathur, M., & Shankaraiah, N. (2021). Stereoselective Aldol and Conjugate Addition Reactions Mediated by Proline-Based Catalysts and Its Analogues: A Concise Review. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2021(37), 5288-5311. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.202100945

68. Vanlaldinpuia, K., Bora, P., & Bez, G. (2017). Monofunctional primary amine: A new class of organocatalyst for asymmetric Aldol reaction. Journal of Chemical Sciences, 129(3), 301-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-017-1237-y

69. Verma, A. K., Kishor, B. N., & Prakash, O. (2022). Recent Advancement and Novel Application of Organocatalyzed Aldol Condensation Reactions: A Comprehensive Review. Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry, 19(6), 779-795. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570193X19666220104093837

70. Vermoortele, F., Ameloot, R., Vimont, A., Serre, C., & De Vos, D. (2011). An amino-modified Zr-terephthalate metal–organic framework as an acid–base catalyst for cross-aldol condensation. Chemical Communications, 47(5), 1521-1523. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CC03038D

71. Wang, B., Deng, S., Bian, Y., Zhang, G., & Li, C. (2022). Aldol Condensation of Methyl Propionate and Formaldehyde: Thermodynamics, Reaction Process, and Network. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 61(43), 15910-15916. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02570

72. Wang, S., Goulas, K., & Iglesia, E. (2016). Condensation and esterification reactions of alkanals, alkanones, and alkanols on TiO2: Elementary steps, site requirements, and synergistic effects of bifunctional strategies. Journal of Catalysis, 340, 302-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2016.05.026

73. Wang, Y., Chen, H., Zhao, G., Liu, M., Lang, X., & Zhu, Z. (2015). Influence of Support Properties on the Activity of Basic Catalysts for Aldol Condensation of Formaldehyde and Methyl Acetate in a Continuous-Flow Reactor. Journal of Flow Chemistry, 5(2), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1556/jfc-d-14-00035

74. Weinfeld, J. A., Eldridge, R. B., & Owens, S. (2022). Evaluation of the Aldol Condensation of Propionaldehyde as a Reactive Dividing Wall Column Test System. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 61(23), 8220-8232. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00590

75. Yamashita, Y., Yasukawa, T., Yoo, W.-J., Kitanosono, T., & Kobayashi, S. (2018). Catalytic enantioselective aldol reactions [10.1039/C7CS00824D]. Chemical Society Reviews, 47(12), 4388-4480. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00824D

76. Young, Z. D., Hanspal, S., & Davis, R. J. (2016). Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde over Titania, Hydroxyapatite, and Magnesia. ACS Catalysis, 6(5), 3193-3202. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b00264

77. Yun, Y. S., Berdugo-Díaz, C. E., & Flaherty, D. W. (2021). Advances in Understanding the Selective Hydrogenolysis of Biomass Derivatives. ACS Catalysis, 11(17), 11193-11232. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.1c02866

78. Zaithun, B. S., Emilia, A., Mohamed, T. M. I., Anne, C. K., & Basyaruddin, A. R. M. (2018). Histidine-based copper tetrapeptides as enantioselective catalysts for aldol reactions. RSC advances, 8(59), 34004-34011. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA06814C

79. Zhang, R., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Yu, H., Yang, F., Guo, Y.,…Yao, W. (2022). High-intensity ultrasound promoted the aldol-type condensation as an alternative mean of synthesizing pyrazines in a Maillard reaction model system of D-glucose-13C6 and L-glycine. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 82, 105913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105913

80. Zhang, X., Li, Y., Qian, C., An, L., Wang, W., Li, X.,…Li, Z. (2023). Research progress of catalysts for aldol condensation of biomass based compounds. RSC advances, 13(14), 9466-9478. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA00906H

81. Zhao, X., Feng, S., Li, S., Hu, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, X.,…Ma, L. (2023). The role of primary amines in modified chitosan to enhance the aldol condensation of biomass-derived carbonyl compounds. Fuel, 351, 128820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128820

82. Zhu, X., Duan, J., Chen, J., Liu, R., Qin, Z., Chen, H., & Yue, W. (2024). Aldol Condensation for the Construction of Organic Functional Materials. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 63(2), e202311879. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202311879