Advancements in Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers: Emerging Protein Targets for Early Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and neuronal loss. The identification of reliable biomarkers is crucial for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. This study explores an insight into current strategies and future approaches for improvement of the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of AD. AD relevant data were collected from databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Our study findings reveal that traditional biomarkers such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau proteins remain central to AD pathology, but emerging targets, including neurofilament light chain (NfL), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), and synaptic proteins, are gaining attention for their diagnostic and prognostic value. Additionally, lipid peroxidation markers (4-HNE, MDA) and Cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) analyses have provided an invasive alternatives for disease monitoring. These advancements facilitate the development of precision medicine approaches, including targeted therapies aimed at modulating key pathological proteins.